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WORD GRAMMAR
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Verb
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Verb
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SENTENCE GRAMMAR
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Reciprocal verbs
CA120
Reciprocal verbs are verbs that are combined with a reflexive or a reciprocal pronoun. The reflexive/reciprocal pronoun expresses a mutual relation between more than one subjects or objects.
Reciprocal verbs are divided into two categories:
1. Verbs that have only reciprocal use. This category includes verbs with which the reflexive pronoun is always in the first, second or third person plural.
Examples | ||
1. person plural | 2. person plural | 3. person plural |
wir freunden uns an | ihr freundet euch an | sie freunden sich an |
wir verfeinden uns | ihr verfeindet euch | sie verfeinden sich |
wir überwerfen | ihr überwerft euch | sie überwerfen sich |
wir verbrüdern uns | ihr verbrüdert euch | sie verbrüdern sich |
Verbs of this category can also be found in the singular number, combined with a prepositional object (mit + dative). Reciprocity, in most cases, can be emphasized with the word miteinander.
Examples | |||
wir verbrüdern uns (miteinander) | ihr verbrüdert euch (miteinander) | sie verbrüdern sich (miteinander) | PLURAL |
ich verbrüdere mich mit jemandem
|
SINGULAR |
CA120A
2. Verbs that can have a reciprocal function. This category includes verbs that can also have a non-reciprocal function.
This category is further divided into the two following subcategories
2a. Verbs to which the reciprocal function causes a small or big change in meaning and (often) in valency.
Examples | |||
not reciprocal | reciprocal function causes change in meaning | change in valency | |
einigen A | sich einigen auf A | yes | A --- auf A |
aussprechen A | sich aussprechen | yes | A --- without an argument |
treffen A | sich treffen mit D | yes | A --- mit D |
The verbs of this group (like the ones that have only reciprocal use) can also be found in the singular number, combined with a prepositional object (mit + dative). Reciprocity can be, in most cases, emphasized with the word miteinander.
Examples | |||
wir einigen uns (miteinander) | ihr einigt euch (miteinander) | sie einigen sich (miteinander) | PLURAL |
ich einige mich mit jemandem
|
SINGULAR |
CA120B
2b. Verbs, whose formal object can be replaced by a reflexive or a reciprocal pronoun. The verbs' meaning remains unchanged.
Examples | |
not reciprocal | reflexive- or reciprocal pronoun as formal object |
kämmen A | sich / einander kämmen |
schminken A | sich / einander schminken |
helfen D | sich / einander helfen |
lieben A | sich / einander lieben |
In this last verb category, besides the reflexive pronoun sich (uns, euch), the reciprocal pronoun einander can also be used. The word gegenseitig can be used to emphasize the reciprocity only with the reflexive pronoun sich (uns, euch), not when using the reciprocal pronoun einander.
Examples |
wir kämmen uns (gegenseitig) / einander |
ihr schminkt euch (gegenseitig) / einander |
sie helfen sich (gegenseitig) / einander |