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WORD GRAMMAR
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Verb
- Conjugation in indicative
- Person and number
- Tenses
- Voice
- Mood
- Verb categories
- Valency
- Semantic categories of verbs
- Finite / non-finite verb forms
- Noun
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Article
- Pronoun
- Preposition
- Conjunction
- Particle
- Interjection
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Verb
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SENTENCE GRAMMAR
- Clause types
- Complex clauses
- Constituents of a sentence
- Sentence structure
- Word order in a sentence
- Negation
The subject
The subject is the person, animal or thing that undergoes or performs the action, process or state that is indicated by the predicate. It is the most prominent verb complement and a complete sentence almost always includes a subject. It can be identified by asking the question who (wer) or what (was).
The subject of a sentence is always in the nominative case and agrees in person and number with the finite verb form. This principal is called agreement (concord).
Agreement (concord)
Examples |
person
|
number
|
verb form
|
|
Ich lerne Deutsch |
first
|
singular
|
lerne
|
|
Ihr lernt Deutsch |
second
|
plural
|
lernt
|
A noun or a pronoun can be used as subjects.
Examples | ||
noun | Die Schüler schreiben einen Test. | |
Der nagelneue Sportwagen fährt bis zu 250 km/h. | ||
pronoun | Sie schreiben einen Test. | |
Er fährt bis zu 250 km/h. |
Subject subordinate clauses can also function as subjects.
Examples | |
Dass du mitmachst, ist wichtig. | |
Dich zu treffen, freut mich sehr. | |
Es ist ungewiss, ob die Feier stattfindet |
Notes
The subject is an obligatory constituent of a sentence. It is only omitted in the second person singular of the imperative and in the impersonal passive voice.
Examples | ||
2nd person singular imperative | Komm sofort zurück nach Haus! | |
impersonal passive * | Den Kindern wird bei den Hausaufgaben geholfen. |
* In the impersonal passive the pronoun es can function as a subject.
Examples | ||
impersonal passive | Den Kindern wird bei den Hausaufgaben geholfen. | |
=
|
||
Es wird den Kindern bei den Hausaufgaben geholfen. |
The pronoun es can also function as a subject in the following structures:
es as | Examples | |
a Korrelat of a subordinate clause | Es ist schwierig, dass man die Prüfung besteht. | |
pseudo-subject (to give emphasis to the real subject) | Es steht eine junge Frau am Eingang. | |
an impersonal subject | Es regnet stark. |