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WORD GRAMMAR
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Verb
- Conjugation in indicative
- Person and number
- Tenses
- Voice
- Mood
- Verb categories
- Valency
- Semantic categories of verbs
- Finite / non-finite verb forms
- Noun
- Adjective
- Adverb
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- Pronoun
- Preposition
- Conjunction
- Particle
- Interjection
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Verb
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SENTENCE GRAMMAR
- Clause types
- Complex clauses
- Constituents of a sentence
- Sentence structure
- Word order in a sentence
- Negation
Infinitive clauses without an introductory conjunction
SA10
Meaning
Infinitive clauses that are not introduced by a conjunction have no specific meaning when functioning as a subject or an object clause.
Form and Function
Infinitive clauses that are not introduced by a conjunction are subordinate clauses without an introductory word and contain a non-finite verb form i.e. an infinitive that is preceded by zu. They are subject and object clauses.
Examples | |
Ich habe vor, in Deutschland zu studieren. | |
Sie hat vergessen, mich darüber zu informieren. | |
Die Prüfung zu bestehen, ist schwierig. |
For the formation of an infinitive clause without an introductory conjunction the following two conditions must apply: |
1. The formation of an infinitive clause without an introductory conjunction, which will function as an argument, is only possible and common to certain verbs (full verbs or copular (linking) verbs + adjective or noun).
2. The subject of the infinitive clause, which is implied by context but is omitted, must always be mentioned in the superordinate clause, regardless of the fact that it may or may not be identical to the subject or the object of the superordinate clause.
Examples |
function of the infinitive clause
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subject of the infinitive clause
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the subject of the infinitive clause is identical to the main clause's
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Ich habe vergessen, dich anzurufen. |
accusative object
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ich
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subject "ich"
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Wir empfehlen euch, diesen Film zu sehen. |
accusative object
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ihr
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dative object "euch"
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Ich hoffe, dich wiederzusehen. |
prepositional object
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ich
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subject "ich"
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Ich bitte dich, mich morgen um 8 Uhr zu wecken. |
prepositional object
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du
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accusative object "dich"
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Ich helfe dir, den Müll zu den Sammelstellen zu bringen. |
prepositional object
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du
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dative object "dir"
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Er ist begeistert, seine alten Freunde wieder zu treffen. |
prepositional object
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er
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subject "er"
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Euch zu sehen, freut meinen Mann sehr. |
subject
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mein Mann
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accusative object "meinen Mann"
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Eine gute Mutter zu sein, ist mir wichtig. |
subject
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ich
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dative object "mir"
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Notes:
1. Infinitive clauses without an introductory conjunction can often be substituted by a dass-clause.
Examples | ||
Ich hoffe, dich wiederzusehen. | infinitive clause | |
Ich hoffe, dass ich dich wiedersehe. | dass-clause |
2. When the infinitive clause functions as a subject and the main clause does not contain an accusative or a dative object, the indefinite pronoun man is considered to be the subject of the infinitive clause.
Examples |
infinitive clause function
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infinitive clause subject
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conversion to a dass-clause | |
Es ist gefährlich, nach dem Essen schwimmen zu gehen. |
subject
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man
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Es ist gefährlich, dass man nach dem Essen schwimmen geht. | |
Die Prüfung zu bestehen, ist schwierig. | Dass man die Prüfung besteht, ist schwierig. |