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WORD GRAMMAR
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Verb
- Conjugation in indicative
- Person and number
- Tenses
- Voice
- Mood
- Verb categories
- Valency
- Semantic categories of verbs
- Finite / non-finite verb forms
- Noun
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Article
- Pronoun
- Preposition
- Conjunction
- Particle
- Interjection
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Verb
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SENTENCE GRAMMAR
- Clause types
- Complex clauses
- Constituents of a sentence
- Sentence structure
- Word order in a sentence
- Negation
Position of the predicate
The predicate is the principal constituent of the sentence. There are simple and complex predicates. Simple predicates consist of one finite verb form, while complex predicates consist of one finite verb form and a number of other constituents.
Examples | ||
Peter isst eine Pizza. | simple predicate | |
Laura hat einen Film gesehen. | complex predicate |
The position of the predicate within a sentence is, in the German language, definite and unchanged. There are three word order types (Stellungstypen).
In the first word order type, the finite verb form occupies the second position and the other constituents, if any, occupy the final position of the sentence.
first word order type
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Examples | |||||
Sabine
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verkauft
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ihr altes Fahrrad
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für 100 Euro.
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simple predicate | |
Sabine
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wird
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ihr altes Fahrrad
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für 100 Euro
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verkaufen.
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complex predicate | |
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second position
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final position
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The following clauses are formed according to the first word order type:
Examples | |
declarative clauses | Monika fährt mit dem Bus zur Universität. |
question-word questions | Warum fährt Monika mit dem Bus zur Uni? |
subject clauses without an introductory word | Es ist besser, Monika fährt mit dem Bus zur Universität. |
object clauses without an introductory word | Ich vermute, Monika fährt mit dem Bus zur Universität. |
In the second word order type, the finite verb form occupies the first position and the other constituents, if any, occupy the final position of the sentence.
second word order type
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Examples | |||||
Verkauft
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Sabine
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ihr altes Fahrrad
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für 100 Euro?
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simple predicate | |
Wird
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Sabine
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ihr altes Fahrrad
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für 100 Euro
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verkaufen?
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complex predicate | |
first position
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final position
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The following clauses are formed according to the second word order type :
Examples | |
imperative clauses | Komm schnell nach Hause zurück! |
yes-no questions | Hast du Geld bei dir? |
optative clauses of the unreal without an introductory word | Hätte ich nur mehr Freizeit! |
conditional clauses without an introductory word | Ist das Wetter morgen schlecht, bleiben wir zu Hause. |
concessive clauses without an introductory word | Schneit es auch, er fährt mit dem Fahrrad zur Arbeit. |
declarative clauses that follow a subordinate clause | Weil sie Geld braucht, verkauft sie ihr Fahrrad. |
In the third word order type, the finite verb form occupies the final position and the other constituents, if any, precede the finite verb form and occupy the penultimate position of the sentence.
third word order type
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Examples | ||||||
..., dass |
Sabine
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ihr altes Fahrrad
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für 100 Euro
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verkauft.
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simple predicate | ||
..., dass |
Sabine
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ihr altes Fahrrad
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für 100 Euro
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verkaufen
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wird. | complex predicate | |
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final position
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The following clauses are formed according to the third word order type :
Examples | |
subordinate clauses with an introductory word | Er hofft, dass er sie wiedersieht. |
optative clauses of the unreal with an introductory word | Wenn ich doch mehr Freizeit hätte! |
Note:
This rule does not apply to modal verbs when they govern an infinitive and are in the present perfect or in the past perfect tense. In this case, the infinitive is used, instead of the past participle, and the auxiliary verb that is used for the formation of the present or past perfect tense does not occupy the final position of the sentence; it stands before the infinitive verb form.
Examples | ||
..., weil ich sofort nach Hause
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habe
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gehen müssen. |
..., dass er sein Auto nicht da
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hat
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parken dürfen. |
..., wenn wir einen Ausflug
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haben
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machen wollen. |
Verbs lassen, sehen, hören function similarly when they govern an infinitive and are in the present perfect or in the past perfect tense. With these verbs, however, it is possible for the auxiliary verb to occupy the final position of the sentence.
Examples | |||
..., weil ich meine Haare
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habe
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schneiden lassen. | |
..., weil ich meine Haare
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schneiden lassen habe.
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also possible | |
..., dass er seine Tochter
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hat
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singen hören. | |
..., dass er seine Tochter
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singen hören hat. | also possible | |
..., wenn wir den Sturm
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haben
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kommen sehen. | |
..., wenn wir den Sturm
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kommen sehen haben. | also possible |
Word order of other predicate constituents
In complex predicates, a number of constituents stand next to the finite verb form like
- a past participle (Partizip II),
- an infinitive,
- the prefix of a separable verb,
- predicative expressions or
- a noun phrase in an empty verb structure.
Infinitives or past participles come after all other constituents, predicative expressions or prefixes of separable verbs come before infinitives and past participles (the separate parts are written together in one word) and noun phrases in empty verb structures come before the prefixes.
before the prefix | before the past participle (Partizip II) or the infinitive | at the final position |
a noun phrase in an empty verb structure | prefixes of separable verbs (the separate parts are written together in one word) | past participle (Partizip II) or infinitive |
predicative expression |
Here are a few examples:
Examples | ||
Er hat seiner Freundin ein Mobiltelefon geschenkt. | past participle (Partizip II) | |
Warum will er nächstes Wochenende wieder nach Berlin fliegen? | infinitive | |
Er ist schließlich nach intensiven Behandlungen gesund geworden. | predicative expression + past participle (Partizip II)/infinitive | |
Wer hat das Fenster aufgemacht? | prefix + past participle (Partizip II) /infinitive | |
Ihre Wünsche gehen irgendwie immer in Erfüllung. | noun phrase in an empty verb structure | |
Sein Vorschlag wird wieder auf Ablehnung stoßen. | noun phrase in an empty verb structure + past participle (Partizip II) /infinitive | |
Der Vater hat auf seine Kinder großen Einfluß ausgeübt. | noun phrases in empty verb structure + prefix + past participle (Partizip II) /infinitive |
When a predicate constituent consists of more than one infinitive verb forms, each of these infinitive forms stands behind the infinitive it governs.
Examples | |||||
singen
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Sie singt. | ||||
hören
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+ singen | Er hört sie singen. | |||
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wollen
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+ hören | Er will sie singen hören. | ||
wird + wollen
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Er wird sie singen hören wollen. |