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WORD GRAMMAR
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Verb
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Verb
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SENTENCE GRAMMAR
- Clause types
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The past participle (Partizip II)
CA126
The past participle (Partizip II) of regular verbs is formed with the prefix ge-, the verb stem and the ending -t.
infinitive | past participle (Partizip II) |
spielen | ge-spiel-t |
kochen | ge-koch-t |
tanzen | ge-tanz-t |
lernen | ge-lern-t |
malen | ge-mal-t |
When the verb stem ends in -d or -t, it takes the ending -et. This is also the case with verbs whose stem ends in a consonant + -m, -n. Exception: When an -r stands before -m or -n, like verbs formen, wärmen, lernen, turnen.
infinitive | past participle (Partizip II) |
arbeit-en | ge-arbeit-et |
red-en | ge-red-et |
rechn-en | ge-rechn-et |
atm-en | ge-atm-et |
CA126A
The past participle (Partizip II) of irregular verbs is formed with the prefix ge-, the present perfect stem and the ending -en.
infinitive | past participle (Partizip II) |
lesen | ge-les-en |
fahren | ge-fahr-en |
bitten | ge-bet-en |
gehen | ge-gang-en |
treffen | ge-troff-en |
CA126B
Mixed verbs form the past participle (Partizip II) with the prefix ge-, the present perfect stem and the ending -t.
infinitive | past participle (Partizip II) |
denken | ge-dach-t |
bringen | ge-brach-t |
kennen | ge-kann-t |
nennen | ge-nann-t |
rennen | ge-rann-t |
CA126C
Certain verbs form the past participle (Partizip II) without the prefix ge-.
verbs that form the past participle (Partizip II) without ge- | Examples | |
A
|
inseparable verbs with prefixes er-, ver-, zer-, be-, ge-, ent-, emp-, hinter- | erklärt, verstanden, zerstört, bekommen, genesen, entkommen, empfohlen, hinterfragt |
B
|
separable verbs that are formed with a verb belonging to group A or C | vorbereitet, abbezahlt, überreagiert |
C
|
verbs ending in -ieren | studiert, repariert, telefoniert |
D
|
verbs with prefixes über-, unter-, um-, durch-, wider-, when they are inseparable and unstressed | umarmt, überstanden, durchdacht |
CA126D
Inflected and non-inflected forms of the past participle (Partizip II)
When the past participle (Partizip II) is combined with a finite verb form, it is not inflected. Its subject is identical to the subject of the finite verb.
Example |
Paul hat die ganze Pizza gegessen. |
When the past participle (Partizip II) precedes a noun, it is inflected, similarly to an adjective and according to the gender, case and number of the noun. It can take a number of arguments (objects, adverbials), both required or free.
Example |
Die zur Party eingeladenen Freunde. |