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WORD GRAMMAR
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Verb
- Conjugation in indicative
- Person and number
- Tenses
- Voice
- Mood
- Verb categories
- Valency
- Semantic categories of verbs
- Finite / non-finite verb forms
- Noun
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Article
- Pronoun
- Preposition
- Conjunction
- Particle
- Interjection
-
Verb
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SENTENCE GRAMMAR
- Clause types
- Complex clauses
- Constituents of a sentence
- Sentence structure
- Word order in a sentence
- Negation
Present
CA10
The present tense is formed in the same way as in regular verbs.
Present indicative
|
||||||||
person | stem | ending | ||||||
ich |
komm
|
e | ||||||
du |
komm
|
st | ||||||
er / sie / es |
komm
|
t | ||||||
wir |
komm
|
en | ||||||
ihr |
komm
|
t | ||||||
sie |
komm
|
en | ||||||
Sie |
komm
|
en |
CA10A
Some irregular verbs change the vowel in their stem also in the present tense, in the second and third person singular.
Bearing that in mind, five different categories emerge.
In the first two categories, the verb stem vowel -e changes into an -i or an- ie.
Present indicative | |||||
e --- i
|
|
e --- ie
|
|||
person | stem | ending | stem | ending | |
ich |
sprech
|
e |
seh
|
e | |
du |
sprich
|
st |
sieh
|
st | |
er / sie / es |
sprich
|
t |
sieh
|
t | |
wir |
sprech
|
en |
seh
|
en | |
ihr |
sprech
|
t |
seh
|
t | |
sie |
sprech
|
en |
seh
|
en | |
Sie |
sprech
|
en |
seh
|
en |
In the next three categories, the verb stem vowel a, au and o takes an Umlaut.
Present indicative | ||||||||
a --- ä
|
|
au --- äu
|
o --- ö
|
|||||
person | stem | ending | stem | ending | stem | ending | ||
ich |
schlaf
|
e |
lauf
|
e |
stoß
|
e | ||
du |
schläf
|
st |
läuf
|
st |
stöß
|
t | ||
er / sie / es |
schläf
|
t |
läuf
|
t |
stöß
|
t | ||
wir |
schlaf
|
en |
lauf
|
en |
stoß
|
en | ||
ihr |
schlaf
|
t |
lauf
|
t |
stoß
|
t | ||
sie |
schlaf
|
en |
lauf
|
en |
stoß
|
en | ||
Sie |
schlaf
|
en |
lauf
|
en |
stoß
|
en |
CA10B
When a verb stem ends in -d, -t, an "e" is added to the ending of the 2nd person plural. This also applies to the 2nd and 3rd person singular for verbs that do not change their stem vowel in the 2nd and 3rd person.
Present indicative: e-addition | |||||
with variation of vowel
|
|
without variation of vowel
|
|||
person | stem | ending | stem | ending | |
ich |
lad
|
e |
bitt
|
e | |
du |
läd
|
st |
bitt
|
est | |
er / sie / es |
läd
|
t |
bitt
|
et | |
wir |
lad
|
en |
bitt
|
en | |
ihr |
lad
|
et |
bitt
|
et | |
sie |
lad
|
en |
bitt
|
en | |
Sie |
lad
|
en |
bitt
|
en |
CA10C
When the stem of a verb ends in -s, -ß, -z or -x, the "s" in the ending of the 2nd person singular is omitted.
Present indicative: s-merge | |||||
person | stem | ending | stem | ending | |
ich |
heiß
|
e |
les
|
e | |
du |
heiß
|
t |
lies
|
t | |
er / sie / es |
heiß
|
t |
lies
|
t | |
wir |
heiß
|
en |
les
|
en | |
ihr |
heiß
|
t |
les
|
t | |
sie |
heiß
|
en |
les
|
en | |
Sie |
heiß
|
en |
les
|
en |