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WORD GRAMMAR
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Verb
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Verb
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SENTENCE GRAMMAR
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Prepositions with accusative/dative
KA32
The following are two-way prepositions, i.e. prepositions that govern both the accusative and the dative case :
| an | auf | hinter | in | neben |
| über | unter | vor | zwischen |
Accusative or dative?
When two-way prepositions form prepositional phrases that function as place modifiers, the choice of case depends on whether the meaning expressed denotes movement, (i.e. direction towards a point ) or not (i.e. a state).
If movement is expressed, the two-way preposition governs the accusative case; if state is expressed, the dative case is used.
| movement (direction) |
=
|
accusative |
| state |
=
|
dative |
The most important verb categories that denote movement or state are shown in the table below.
|
verbs of movement
|
|
verbs of state
|
|||
|
place
|
direction
|
direction
|
place
|
place
|
|
|
fahren, laufen, fliegen, gehen, springen etc.
|
stellen, legen, setzen, hängen, stecken, packen, schieben, treten etc.
|
stehen, liegen, sitzen, hängen, stecken, wohnen, herumgehen etc.
|
spielen, frühstücken, warten, sich sonnen etc.
|
||
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
||
Based on their meaning, verbs are divided into two categories; those that denote movement and those that denote state.
Group A consists of verbs that always denote movement (direction towards a point) or movement (in a place).
| Examples | Difference in meaning | ||
| Ich fahre auf die Autobahn | I enter the highway driving | movement (direction) | accusative |
| Ich fahre auf der Autobahn | I am driving on the highway | movement in a place | dative |
Group B consists of verbs that always denote movement (direction towards a point). Many verbs in this category are transitive.
| Examples | ||
| Sie legt ihre Bücher auf den Tisch. | movement (direction) | accusative |
| Wer tritt ins Zimmer? | ||
Group C consists of verbs that always denote state. A prepositional phrase that functions as a place modifier is obligatory.
| Examples | ||
| Ihre Bücher liegen auf dem Tisch. | state | dative |
| Ich wohne in diesem Haus. | ||
Group D consists of verbs that always denote state. The difference to Group C is that for Group D verbs a prepositional phrase that functions as a place modifier is not obligatory.
| Examples | ||
| Die Kinder spielen im Garten. | state | dative |
| Ich warte an der Haltestelle. | ||
|
an
|
In place modifiers with accusative or dative
| Examples | |
| Ich hänge das bild an die Wand. | movement (direction) = accusative |
| Das Bild hängt an der Wand. | state = (dative). |
In temporal modifiers with dative
| Examples | |
| Paul kommt am Montag zurück. | dative |
| Am Ende ist alles gut gelaufen. |
In place and temporal modifiers with accusative, if preceded by the preposition bis.
| Examples | |
| bis an die Knie | accusative |
| bis an sein Lebensende |
|
auf
|
In place modifiers with accusative or dative
| Examples | |
| Ich setze mich auf den Boden. | movement (direction) = accusative |
| Ich sitze auf dem Boden. | state = (dative) |
In temporal modifiers with dative
| Example | |
| Auf dem Rockkonzert wurde viel getanzt. | dative |
In modal or causal modifiers with accusative
| Examples | |
| Er arbeitet auf den Zentimeter genau. | accusative |
| Auf wiederholte Aufforderung |
|
hinter
|
In place modifiers with accusative or dative
| Examples | |
| Der Schlüssel ist hinter die Kommode gefallen. | movement (direction) = accusative |
| Er steht hinter der Tür. | state = (dative) |
|
in
|
In place modifiers with accusative or dative
| Examples | |
| Er steigt ins Bus ein. | movement (direction) = accusative |
| Wir sitzen im Garten. | state = (dative) |
In temporal modifiers with dative, unless preceded by the preposition bis. In this case, accusative is used.
| Examples | |
| Ich besuche dich in einer Woche. | dative |
| Hochzeitsfeier bis in den frühen Morgen. | accusative |
In modal modifiers with dative
| Example | |
| In vielen Farben | dative |
|
neben
|
In place modifiers with accusative or dative
| Examples | |
| Er setzt sich neben mich. | movement (direction) = accusative |
| Er sitzt neben mir. | state = (dative) |
In modifiers functioning as copulas (with the meaning of except) or modal modifiers (with the meaning of compared to) with dative
| Examples | |
| Neben ihrer Arbeit muss sie auch für den haushalt sorgen. | dative |
| Neben ihm bist du groß |
|
über
|
In place modifiers with accusative or dative
| Examples | |
| Ich hänge das Bild über das Sofa. | movement (direction) = accusative |
| Das Flugzeug fliegt über der Stadt. | state = (dative) |
In place modifiers that indicate a driving or a flight route always with accusative.
| Examples | |
| Fährt die Straßenbahn über den Bahnhof? | accusative |
In temporal modifiers with accusative
| Example | |
| übers Wochenende werde ich im Ausland sein. | accusative |
|
unter
|
In place modifiers with accusative or dative
| Examples | |
| Sie gingen unter die Brücke. | movement (direction) = accusative |
| Die Katze schläft unter dem Tisch. | state = (dative) |
In modal and conditional modifiers with dative
| Examples | |
| Unter großen Beifall | dative |
| Unter der Voraussetzung | |
| Unter diesem Aspekt |
|
vor
|
In place modifiers with accusative or dative
| Examples | |
| Er stellte sich vor mich. | movement (direction) = accusative |
| Das Fahrrad steht vor dem Haus. | state = (dative) |
In temporal modifiers with dative
| Example | |
| Ich habe ihn vor einer Woche besucht. | dative |
In causal modifiers with dative
| Example | |
| Er war rot vor Wut. | dative |
|
zwischen
|
In place modifiers with accusative or dative
| Examples | |
| Er stellt sich zwischen sein Brüder. | movement (direction) = accusative |
| Er steht zwischen seinen Brüdern. | state = (dative) |
In modal-temporal modifiers with dative
| Examples | |
| Zwischen zwei und drei Stunden | dative |
