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WORD GRAMMAR
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Verb
- Conjugation in indicative
- Person and number
- Tenses
- Voice
- Mood
- Verb categories
- Valency
- Semantic categories of verbs
- Finite / non-finite verb forms
- Noun
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Article
- Pronoun
- Preposition
- Conjunction
- Particle
- Interjection
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Verb
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SENTENCE GRAMMAR
- Clause types
- Complex clauses
- Constituents of a sentence
- Sentence structure
- Word order in a sentence
- Negation
The infinitive
CA124
The infinitive is the citation form of each verb. It is formed with the present tense stem and the ending -en or, more seldom, with the ending -n.
Examples |
spiel-en |
fahr-en |
tanz-en |
sprech-en |
änder-n |
Note: The infinitive ending -n is used in verbs sein and tun and when the verb stem ends in -el and -er.
CA124A
The six infinitives
The infinitives fall in six different categories, according to tense and mood. The citation form of a verb is always the present tense active infinitive.
The six infinitives are formed as follows:
verb voice
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active | passive | Zustandspassiv | ||
tense | present | verb stem + en | past participle (Partizip II) + werden | past participle (Partizip II) + sein |
present perfect | past participle (Partizip II) + haben / sein * | past participle (Partizip II) + worden sein | past participle (Partizip II) + gewesen sein |
* The use of haben or sein depends on which of the two auxiliary verbs is used in the formation of the present perfect tense.
The following tables present all the infinitives of verbs vorbereiten and bleiben. Bleiben does not have any passive forms.
Example 1 |
verb voice
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|||
active | passive | Zustandspassiv | ||
tense | present | vorbereiten | vorbereitet werden | vorbereitet sein |
present perfect | vorbereitet haben | vorbereitet worden sein | vorbereitet gewesen sein |
Verbs that form the present perfect and the past perfect with sein, also form the perfect infinitive with sein.
Example 2 |
verb voice
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|
active | ||
tense | present | bleiben |
present perfect | geblieben sein |
CA124B
Infinitive without zu
An infinitive is usually connected with a finite verb form; the word zu stands directly before the infinitive.
Example |
Paul hat vor, in Deutschland zu studieren. |
The finite forms of only a few specific verbs are connected with an infinitive without the word zu. These verbs are:
Examples | |
modal verbs dürfen, können, mögen, müssen, sollen, wollen | Ich kann nicht tanzen. |
perception verbs like hören, sehen, fühlen, spüren | Ich höre meine Tochter singen. |
verbs of movement like gehen, kommen | Ich gehe ein Bier trinken. |
the verb lassen | Ich lasse mein Auto reparieren. |
the verb bleiben | Ich bleibe sitzen. |
the auxiliary verb werden in the formation of the simple future (Future I) | Ich werde dich besuchen. |
haben with an indication of place and stehen, liegen, hängen etc. | Ich habe mein Auto vor dem Haus stehen. |
verbs finden, schicken, heißen etc. | Ich schicke dich einkaufen. |
the auxiliary verb würden in the formation of the conditional form in the Konjunktiv II | Wenn ich Geld hätte, würde ich einen Porsche kaufen. |
Verbs lernen, lehren and helfen can be connected to an infinitive either with or without the word zu. If these verbs are followed solely by the infinitive, zu is omitted. If a complement or an adverbial phrase follows the verb, then the infinitive is preceded by „zu”:
Examples | ||
lernen | Er lernt singen. | Er lernt deutsche Lieder zu singen. |
helfen | Er hilft ihr aufräumen. | Er hilft ihr das ganze Zimmer aufzuräumen. |
lehren | Er lehrte ihn reiten. | Er lehrte ihn ein Pferd zu satteln. |